Avaliação do risco ecológico por xenobióticos associado às atividades agrícolas

Abstract

The use of pesticides and fertilizers is generating ecological risk to aquatic ecosystems depending on availability of different xenobiotics for biota and the environment, exposing the aquatic and human populations to toxic substances through drinking water and animals contaminated. Confusion Lagoon region, for decades has been an important area for agribusiness and the lack monitoring of contaminants derived from this activity can compromise the quality of the aquatic ecosystem. This study aimed to evaluate the ecological risk by xenobiotics, using the Peacock Bass (Cichla sp.) as bioindicator for evaluation of possible xenobiotic effects associated with agricultural activities in the city of Confusion Lagoon - TO. Water and fish samples were carried out from September 2013 to October 2014 in three points (A - River Javaés/Pium, B - Javaés river/Confusion Lagoon and C - Formoso River/Confusion Lagoon). To evaluate the water quality was used physicochemical parameters and concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn). To assess the ecological risk of bioindicator was used to determine the concentration of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn) in the liver and muscle, and the following biomarkers: genotoxic (micronucleus test) and biochemical (serum glucose, AST and ALT) and histological (liver and gills). Regarding the physical and chemical parameters, the total phosphorus at point C showed above the reference value. There was no significant difference in concentration of metals in the water among the three sampling sites (p> 0.05) at point A. The average of Cu, Cr and Mn in the three points collected exceeded the values for Class 1 rivers, according to Conama Resolution 357, indicating contamination of water resources for these metals. Only Cr was above the maximum allowed for human consumption, but was not significantly different at point A (p> 0.05). The micronucleus test revealed a low frequency in the three collection sites. Hyperglycemia was observed in the animals of point C. In the gills, the most frequent changes were epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lamellar epithelium, congestion, partial lamellar fusion and total, edema, inflammatory infiltration, capillary dilatation and less frequently aneurysm and focal necrosis. In the liver, the most common histopathological changes were stage I and II, as cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear hypertrophy, dilation of sinusoids, derangement of hepatic cords, bile stagnation, congestion of vessels, inflammatory infiltrate and pyknotic nuclei. It was also observed the occurrence of focal necrosis. Integrated assessment of the concentration of metals in water and tissues of fish and biomarkers indicates contamination both water and fish by metal, probably from agricultural activities, requiring the monitoring of the quality of the aquatic ecosystem in the region, as tucunarés beyond its ecological role, also part of the food for the local population.